What are the consequences of female mutilation?

The immediate complications

• intense pain accompanied by fear and anxiety that can lead to a state of shock
• haemorrhage that can lead to death
• infected wounds
• urine retention
• injuries to neighbouring organs

Long term complications

• urine and genital infections
• difficulties with urinating, pain during menstruation, incontinence
• pain around the scar, cysts, abscesses
• problems linked to pregnancy and delivery (obstructed labour, tearing, fistulas)
• problems with sexuality (for both partners)
• the risk of HIV transmission

Psychological consequences

Genital mutilation can leave permanent marks on a woman. Psychological complications can be buried deep inside a child’s subconscious. They can lead to:

• behavioural troubles
• a loss of confidence in loved ones (parental betrayal)
• anxiety (flash-backs)
• depression